Introduction
Biden admin plans to roll out updated Covid booster shots in September. (n.d.). NBC News. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/biden-administration-plans-roll-updated-covid-booster-shots-september-rcna40604
Chapter 1
2022 State of the Union Address. (2022, March 1). The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/state-of-the-union-2022/
CDC. (2020, February 11). Cases, Data, and Surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-race-ethnicity.html
Getachew, Y., Zephyrin, L., Abrams, M. K., Shah, A., Lewis, C., & Doty, M. M. (2020, September 10). Beyond the Case Count: The Wide-Ranging Disparities of COVID-19 in the United States. https://doi.org/10.26099/gjcn-1z31
LeBlanc, P. (2022, May 9). Analysis: Here’s what the White House’s grim coronavirus warning means for you. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/09/politics/white-house-100-million-covid-infections-projection-what-matters/index.html
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Payne, D. (2022, February 22). Africa CDC to ask world to pause Covid-19 vaccine donations. POLITICO. https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/22/africa-asks-covid-vaccine-donation-pause-00010667
Robbins, R., & Nolen, S. (2022, April 23). The Drive to Vaccinate the World Against Covid Is Losing Steam. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/23/health/covid-vaccines-world-africa.html
Simmons-Duffin, S., & Nakajima, K. (2022, May 13). This is how many lives could have been saved with COVID vaccinations in each state. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/05/13/1098071284/this-is-how-many-lives-could-have-been-saved-with-covid-vaccinations-in-each-sta
The 2021 Global Health Security Index. (n.d.). GHS Index. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://www.ghsindex.org/
Chapter 2
Centers for Disease Control. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccination Field Guide: 12 Strategies for Your Community-. 48.
Explainer: The vaccine journey: From idea to immunisation. (2020). Wellcome. https://wellcome.org/news/vaccine-journey-idea-immunisation-covid-19-coronavirus
Frank, R. G., Dach, L., & Lurie, N. (2021, May 15). It Was The Government That Produced COVID-19 Vaccine Success. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20210512.191448/full/
Hallsworth, M., & Buttenheim, A. (2020, August 11). Challenges Facing a COVID-19 Vaccine: A Behavioral Science Perspective. Behavioral Scientist. https://behavioralscientist.org/challenges-facing-a-covid-19-vaccine-a-behavioral-science-perspective/
NH Senate Republicans approve bill to make ivermectin available via standing order. (2022, May 6). WMUR. https://www.wmur.com/article/senate-bill-ivermectin-pharmacies-new-hampshire-5522/39920536
West Virginia to give young people $100 bond to get vaccine. (2021, April 27). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56900381
Chapter 3.1
Algorithms and Amplification: How Social Media Platforms’ Design Choices Shape Our Discourse and Our Minds | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (2021). https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/algorithms-and-amplification-how-social-media-platforms-design-choices-shape-our-discourse-and-our-minds
Alvarez, S., & Alo, K. (n.d.). Newark Information Needs and Gaps. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://collaborativejournalism.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2020/09/Newark-info-needs.docx.pdf
Atske, S., & Perrin, A. (2021, July 16). Home broadband adoption, computer ownership vary by race, ethnicity in the U.S. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/16/home-broadband-adoption-computer-ownership-vary-by-race-ethnicity-in-the-u-s/
Carney, N. (2016). All Lives Matter, but so Does Race: Black Lives Matter and the Evolving Role of Social Media. Humanity & Society, 40(2), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597616643868
Center for Countering Digital Hate. (2021). The Disinformation Dozen. Center for Countering Digital Hate | CCDH. https://counterhate.com/research/the-disinformation-dozen/
Cubbon, S. (2020, December 15). Identifying ‘data deficits’ can pre-empt the spread of disinformation. First Draft Footnotes. https://medium.com/1st-draft/identifying-data-deficits-can-pre-empt-the-spread-of-disinformation-93bd6f680a4e
Dodson, K., Mason, J., & Smith, R. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine misinformation and narratives surrounding Black communities on social media. First Draft News. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/COVID-19_VACCINE_MISINFORMATION_BLACK_COMMUNITIES.pdf
Dotto, C. (n.d.). Foreign anti-vaccine disinformation spreads to West Africa. First Draft. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://firstdraftnews.org:443/long-form-article/foreign-anti-vaccine-disinformation-reaches-west-africa/
Freedman, D. (2021, September 13). Peer review of a VAERS dumpster dive. Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/peer-review-of-a-vaers-dumpster-dive/
Frost, M. (2021). Busting COVID-19 vaccination myths. https://acpinternist.org/archives/2021/11/busting-covid-19-vaccination-myths.htm
Gavura, S. (2012, April 26). Gold mine or dumpster dive? A closer look at adverse event reports | Science-Based Medicine. Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/gold-mine-or-dumpster-dive-a-closer-look-at-adverse-event-reports/
Giovanna Sessa, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and Facebook: The challenge of moderating anti-vaxx and vaccine hesitant stances. EU DisinfoLab. https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-facebook:-the-challenge-of-moderating-anti-vaxx-and-vaccine-hesitant-stances/
Gorski, D. (2021, September 13). Dumpster diving in the VAERS database to find more COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis in children | Science-Based Medicine. Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/dumpster-diving-in-vaers-doctors-fall-into-the-same-trap-as-antivaxxers/
Hoaxlines. (2021a, May 22). Outbreak Conspiracy Theories from 1980 to Today [Substack newsletter]. Hoaxlines. https://novelscience.substack.com/p/some-things-never-change-outbreak
Hoaxlines. (2021b, October 30). Here are media manipulation terms needed to understand mis-, dis-, and malinformation [Substack newsletter]. Hoaxlines. https://novelscience.substack.com/p/here-are-media-manipulation-terms
Jenik, C. (2021, July 31). Infographic: A Minute on the Internet in 2021. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/25443/estimated-amount-of-data-created-on-the-internet-in-one-minute/
JLL. (2022). Workforce Preferences Barometer. https://www.us.jll.com/content/dam/jll-com/documents/pdf/research/global/jll-workforce-preferences-barometer-mar-2022.pdf
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, December 10). Anti-Vaccine Propaganda Spread Through Social Media Contributed To Samoa Measles Outbreak, Columnist Writes. KFF Daily Global Health Policy Report. https://www.kff.org/news-summary/anti-vaccine-propaganda-spread-through-social-media-contributed-to-samoa-measles-outbreak-columnist-writes/
Lind, J. N., Lovegrove, M. C., Geller, A. I., Uyeki, T. M., Datta, S. D., & Budnitz, D. S. (2021). Increase in Outpatient Ivermectin Dispensing in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(9), 2909–2911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06948-6
Mitchell, H. (2021). Battling misinformation on TikTok has become “2nd job” for some physicians. https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/healthcare-information-technology/battling-misinformation-on-tiktok-has-become-a-2nd-job-for-some-physicians.html
Munro, C. (2021). Covid-19: Study that claimed boys are at increased risk of myocarditis after vaccination is deeply flawed, say critics. BMJ, 374, n2251. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2251
Office of the US Surgeon General. (2021). Confronting Health Misinformation. 22.
Park, C. (2021). Perspective | Online vaccine sign-ups make Internet access a matter of life and death. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/digital-divide-vaccine-registration/2021/03/03/873c8df4-7ba1-11eb-b3d1-9e5aa3d5220c_story.html
Pierri, F., Perry, B., DeVerna, M. R., Yang, K.-C., Flammini, A., Menczer, F., & Bryden, J. (2022). Online misinformation is linked to early COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and refusal (arXiv:2104.10635). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2104.10635
Schraer, R. (2021, December 1). HIV: The misinformation still circulating in 2021. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/59431598
Smith, R., Cubbon, S., & Wardle, C. (2020). Under the surface: Covid-19 vaccine narratives, misinformation and data deficits on social media. First Draft. https://firstdraftnews.org:443/long-form-article/under-the-surface-covid-19-vaccine-narratives-misinformation-and-data-deficits-on-social-media/
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). (n.d.). Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://vaers.hhs.gov/
Wardle, C. (2019). Understanding Information Disorder. https://firstdraftnews.org/long-form-article/understanding-information-disorder/
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe Publishing. https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html
Winters, M., Jalloh, M. F., Sengeh, P., Jalloh, M. B., Zeebari, Z., & Nordenstedt, H. (2020). Risk perception during the 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1539. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09648-8
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Infodemic. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic
Chapter 3.2
Algorithms and Amplification: How Social Media Platforms’ Design Choices Shape Our Discourse and Our Minds | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (2021). https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/algorithms-and-amplification-how-social-media-platforms-design-choices-shape-our-discourse-and-our-minds
Alvarez, S., & Alo, K. (n.d.). Newark Information Needs and Gaps. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://collaborativejournalism.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2020/09/Newark-info-needs.docx.pdf
Atske, S., & Perrin, A. (2021, July 16). Home broadband adoption, computer ownership vary by race, ethnicity in the U.S. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/16/home-broadband-adoption-computer-ownership-vary-by-race-ethnicity-in-the-u-s/
Carney, N. (2016). All Lives Matter, but so Does Race: Black Lives Matter and the Evolving Role of Social Media. Humanity & Society, 40(2), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597616643868
Center for Countering Digital Hate. (2021). The Disinformation Dozen. Center for Countering Digital Hate | CCDH. https://counterhate.com/research/the-disinformation-dozen/
Cubbon, S. (2020, December 15). Identifying ‘data deficits’ can pre-empt the spread of disinformation. First Draft Footnotes. https://medium.com/1st-draft/identifying-data-deficits-can-pre-empt-the-spread-of-disinformation-93bd6f680a4e
Dodson, K., Mason, J., & Smith, R. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine misinformation and narratives surrounding Black communities on social media. First Draft News. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/COVID-19_VACCINE_MISINFORMATION_BLACK_COMMUNITIES.pdf
Dotto, C. (n.d.). Foreign anti-vaccine disinformation spreads to West Africa. First Draft. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://firstdraftnews.org:443/long-form-article/foreign-anti-vaccine-disinformation-reaches-west-africa/
Freedman, D. (2021, September 13). Peer review of a VAERS dumpster dive. Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/peer-review-of-a-vaers-dumpster-dive/
Frost, M. (2021). Busting COVID-19 vaccination myths. https://acpinternist.org/archives/2021/11/busting-covid-19-vaccination-myths.htm
Gavura, S. (2012, April 26). Gold mine or dumpster dive? A closer look at adverse event reports | Science-Based Medicine. Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/gold-mine-or-dumpster-dive-a-closer-look-at-adverse-event-reports/
Giovanna Sessa, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and Facebook: The challenge of moderating anti-vaxx and vaccine hesitant stances. EU DisinfoLab. https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-facebook:-the-challenge-of-moderating-anti-vaxx-and-vaccine-hesitant-stances/
Gorski, D. (2021, September 13). Dumpster diving in the VAERS database to find more COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis in children | Science-Based Medicine. Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/dumpster-diving-in-vaers-doctors-fall-into-the-same-trap-as-antivaxxers/
Hoaxlines. (2021a, May 22). Outbreak Conspiracy Theories from 1980 to Today [Substack newsletter]. Hoaxlines. https://novelscience.substack.com/p/some-things-never-change-outbreak
Hoaxlines. (2021b, October 30). Here are media manipulation terms needed to understand mis-, dis-, and malinformation [Substack newsletter]. Hoaxlines. https://novelscience.substack.com/p/here-are-media-manipulation-terms
Jenik, C. (2021, July 31). Infographic: A Minute on the Internet in 2021. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/25443/estimated-amount-of-data-created-on-the-internet-in-one-minute/
JLL. (2022). Workforce Preferences Barometer. https://www.us.jll.com/content/dam/jll-com/documents/pdf/research/global/jll-workforce-preferences-barometer-mar-2022.pdf
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, December 10). Anti-Vaccine Propaganda Spread Through Social Media Contributed To Samoa Measles Outbreak, Columnist Writes. KFF Daily Global Health Policy Report. https://www.kff.org/news-summary/anti-vaccine-propaganda-spread-through-social-media-contributed-to-samoa-measles-outbreak-columnist-writes/
Lind, J. N., Lovegrove, M. C., Geller, A. I., Uyeki, T. M., Datta, S. D., & Budnitz, D. S. (2021). Increase in Outpatient Ivermectin Dispensing in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(9), 2909–2911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06948-6
Mitchell, H. (2021). Battling misinformation on TikTok has become “2nd job” for some physicians. https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/healthcare-information-technology/battling-misinformation-on-tiktok-has-become-a-2nd-job-for-some-physicians.html
Munro, C. (2021). Covid-19: Study that claimed boys are at increased risk of myocarditis after vaccination is deeply flawed, say critics. BMJ, 374, n2251. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2251
Office of the US Surgeon General. (2021). Confronting Health Misinformation. 22.
Park, C. (2021). Perspective | Online vaccine sign-ups make Internet access a matter of life and death. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/digital-divide-vaccine-registration/2021/03/03/873c8df4-7ba1-11eb-b3d1-9e5aa3d5220c_story.html
Pierri, F., Perry, B., DeVerna, M. R., Yang, K.-C., Flammini, A., Menczer, F., & Bryden, J. (2022). Online misinformation is linked to early COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and refusal (arXiv:2104.10635). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2104.10635
Schraer, R. (2021, December 1). HIV: The misinformation still circulating in 2021. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/59431598
Smith, R., Cubbon, S., & Wardle, C. (2020). Under the surface: Covid-19 vaccine narratives, misinformation and data deficits on social media. First Draft. https://firstdraftnews.org:443/long-form-article/under-the-surface-covid-19-vaccine-narratives-misinformation-and-data-deficits-on-social-media/
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). (n.d.). Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://vaers.hhs.gov/
Wardle, C. (2019). Understanding Information Disorder. https://firstdraftnews.org/long-form-article/understanding-information-disorder/
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe Publishing. https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html
Winters, M., Jalloh, M. F., Sengeh, P., Jalloh, M. B., Zeebari, Z., & Nordenstedt, H. (2020). Risk perception during the 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1539. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09648-8
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Infodemic. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic
Chapter 3.3
Amin, A. B., Bednarczyk, R. A., Ray, C. E., Melchiori, K. J., Graham, J., Huntsinger, J. R., & Omer, S. B. (2017). Association of moral values with vaccine hesitancy. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(12), 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0256-5
Azarpanah, H., Farhadloo, M., Vahidov, R., & Pilote, L. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy: Evidence from an adverse events following immunization database, and the role of cognitive biases. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1686. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11745-1
Barrios, J. M., & Hochberg, Y. (2020). Risk Perception Through the Lens of Politics in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27008). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27008
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Bolsen, T., Druckman, J. N., & Cook, F. L. (2014). The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion. Political Behavior, 36(2), 235–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9238-0
Brewer, N. T. (2021). What Works to Increase Vaccination Uptake. Academic Pediatrics, 21(4S), S9–S16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2021.01.017
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Chan, E. Y. (2021). Moral foundations underlying behavioral compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110463
Chou, W.-Y. S., & Budenz, A. (2020). Considering Emotion in COVID-19 Vaccine Communication: Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy and Fostering Vaccine Confidence. Health Communication, 35(14), 1718–1722. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838096
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Davis, R., Campbell, R., Hildon, Z., Hobbs, L., & Michie, S. (2015). Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: A scoping review. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 323–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.941722
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Rhea Boyd MD, MPH [@RheaBoydMD]. (2021, July 17). That “work” is MUCH more high touch than spouting condescension online. “The unvaccinated” are not a monolith of defectors. They are people our health care system has long underserved—Black folks, rural folks, un and un/under insured folks and young folks. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/RheaBoydMD/status/1416398681163530242
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ANALYSIS
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