References - Information Futures Lab

HOW WE GOT HERE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ABOUT THE EQUITY FIRST VACCINATION INITIATIVE

ABOUT THIS REPORT

REPORT AUTHORS

REFERENCES

Introduction

Biden admin plans to roll out updated Covid booster shots in September. (n.d.). NBC News. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/biden-administration-plans-roll-updated-covid-booster-shots-september-rcna40604

Chapter 1

2022 State of the Union Address. (2022, March 1). The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/state-of-the-union-2022/

CDC. (2020, February 11). Cases, Data, and Surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-race-ethnicity.html

Getachew, Y., Zephyrin, L., Abrams, M. K., Shah, A., Lewis, C., & Doty, M. M. (2020, September 10). Beyond the Case Count: The Wide-Ranging Disparities of COVID-19 in the United States. https://doi.org/10.26099/gjcn-1z31

LeBlanc, P. (2022, May 9). Analysis: Here’s what the White House’s grim coronavirus warning means for you. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/09/politics/white-house-100-million-covid-infections-projection-what-matters/index.html

Our World in Data. (n.d.). Our World in Data. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://ourworldindata.org

Payne, D. (2022, February 22). Africa CDC to ask world to pause Covid-19 vaccine donations. POLITICO. https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/22/africa-asks-covid-vaccine-donation-pause-00010667

Robbins, R., & Nolen, S. (2022, April 23). The Drive to Vaccinate the World Against Covid Is Losing Steam. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/23/health/covid-vaccines-world-africa.html

Simmons-Duffin, S., & Nakajima, K. (2022, May 13). This is how many lives could have been saved with COVID vaccinations in each state. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/05/13/1098071284/this-is-how-many-lives-could-have-been-saved-with-covid-vaccinations-in-each-sta

The 2021 Global Health Security Index. (n.d.). GHS Index. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from https://www.ghsindex.org/

Chapter 2

Centers for Disease Control. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccination Field Guide: 12 Strategies for Your Community-. 48.

Explainer: The vaccine journey: From idea to immunisation. (2020). Wellcome. https://wellcome.org/news/vaccine-journey-idea-immunisation-covid-19-coronavirus

Frank, R. G., Dach, L., & Lurie, N. (2021, May 15). It Was The Government That Produced COVID-19 Vaccine Success. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20210512.191448/full/

Hallsworth, M., & Buttenheim, A. (2020, August 11). Challenges Facing a COVID-19 Vaccine: A Behavioral Science Perspective. Behavioral Scientist. https://behavioralscientist.org/challenges-facing-a-covid-19-vaccine-a-behavioral-science-perspective/

NH Senate Republicans approve bill to make ivermectin available via standing order. (2022, May 6). WMUR. https://www.wmur.com/article/senate-bill-ivermectin-pharmacies-new-hampshire-5522/39920536

S. Government Accountability Office, U. S. G. A. O. (2022). COVID-19: Significant Improvements Are Needed for Overseeing Relief Funds and Leading Responses to Public Health Emergencies. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105291

West Virginia to give young people $100 bond to get vaccine. (2021, April 27). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56900381

Chapter 3.1

Algorithms and Amplification: How Social Media Platforms’ Design Choices Shape Our Discourse and Our Minds | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. (2021). https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/algorithms-and-amplification-how-social-media-platforms-design-choices-shape-our-discourse-and-our-minds

Alvarez, S., & Alo, K. (n.d.). Newark Information Needs and Gaps. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://collaborativejournalism.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2020/09/Newark-info-needs.docx.pdf

Atske, S., & Perrin, A. (2021, July 16). Home broadband adoption, computer ownership vary by race, ethnicity in the U.S. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/16/home-broadband-adoption-computer-ownership-vary-by-race-ethnicity-in-the-u-s/

Carney, N. (2016). All Lives Matter, but so Does Race: Black Lives Matter and the Evolving Role of Social Media. Humanity & Society, 40(2), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597616643868

Center for Countering Digital Hate. (2021). The Disinformation Dozen. Center for Countering Digital Hate | CCDH. https://counterhate.com/research/the-disinformation-dozen/

Cubbon, S. (2020, December 15). Identifying ‘data deficits’ can pre-empt the spread of disinformation. First Draft Footnotes. https://medium.com/1st-draft/identifying-data-deficits-can-pre-empt-the-spread-of-disinformation-93bd6f680a4e

Dodson, K., Mason, J., & Smith, R. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine misinformation and narratives surrounding Black communities on social media. First Draft News. https://firstdraftnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/COVID-19_VACCINE_MISINFORMATION_BLACK_COMMUNITIES.pdf

Dotto, C. (n.d.). Foreign anti-vaccine disinformation spreads to West Africa. First Draft. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://firstdraftnews.org:443/long-form-article/foreign-anti-vaccine-disinformation-reaches-west-africa/

Freedman, D. (2021, September 13). Peer review of a VAERS dumpster dive. Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/peer-review-of-a-vaers-dumpster-dive/

Frost, M. (2021). Busting COVID-19 vaccination myths. https://acpinternist.org/archives/2021/11/busting-covid-19-vaccination-myths.htm

Gavura, S. (2012, April 26). Gold mine or dumpster dive? A closer look at adverse event reports | Science-Based Medicine. Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/gold-mine-or-dumpster-dive-a-closer-look-at-adverse-event-reports/

Giovanna Sessa, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and Facebook: The challenge of moderating anti-vaxx and vaccine hesitant stances. EU DisinfoLab. https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-and-facebook:-the-challenge-of-moderating-anti-vaxx-and-vaccine-hesitant-stances/

Gorski, D. (2021, September 13). Dumpster diving in the VAERS database to find more COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis in children | Science-Based Medicine. Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/dumpster-diving-in-vaers-doctors-fall-into-the-same-trap-as-antivaxxers/

Hoaxlines. (2021a, May 22). Outbreak Conspiracy Theories from 1980 to Today [Substack newsletter]. Hoaxlines. https://novelscience.substack.com/p/some-things-never-change-outbreak

Hoaxlines. (2021b, October 30). Here are media manipulation terms needed to understand mis-, dis-, and malinformation [Substack newsletter]. Hoaxlines. https://novelscience.substack.com/p/here-are-media-manipulation-terms

Jenik, C. (2021, July 31). Infographic: A Minute on the Internet in 2021. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/25443/estimated-amount-of-data-created-on-the-internet-in-one-minute/

JLL. (2022). Workforce Preferences Barometer. https://www.us.jll.com/content/dam/jll-com/documents/pdf/research/global/jll-workforce-preferences-barometer-mar-2022.pdf

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, December 10). Anti-Vaccine Propaganda Spread Through Social Media Contributed To Samoa Measles Outbreak, Columnist Writes. KFF Daily Global Health Policy Report. https://www.kff.org/news-summary/anti-vaccine-propaganda-spread-through-social-media-contributed-to-samoa-measles-outbreak-columnist-writes/

Lind, J. N., Lovegrove, M. C., Geller, A. I., Uyeki, T. M., Datta, S. D., & Budnitz, D. S. (2021). Increase in Outpatient Ivermectin Dispensing in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(9), 2909–2911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06948-6

Mitchell, H. (2021). Battling misinformation on TikTok has become “2nd job” for some physicians. https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/healthcare-information-technology/battling-misinformation-on-tiktok-has-become-a-2nd-job-for-some-physicians.html

Munro, C. (2021). Covid-19: Study that claimed boys are at increased risk of myocarditis after vaccination is deeply flawed, say critics. BMJ, 374, n2251. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2251

Office of the US Surgeon General. (2021). Confronting Health Misinformation. 22.

Park, C. (2021). Perspective | Online vaccine sign-ups make Internet access a matter of life and death. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/digital-divide-vaccine-registration/2021/03/03/873c8df4-7ba1-11eb-b3d1-9e5aa3d5220c_story.html

Pierri, F., Perry, B., DeVerna, M. R., Yang, K.-C., Flammini, A., Menczer, F., & Bryden, J. (2022). Online misinformation is linked to early COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and refusal (arXiv:2104.10635). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2104.10635

Schraer, R. (2021, December 1). HIV: The misinformation still circulating in 2021. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/59431598

Smith, R., Cubbon, S., & Wardle, C. (2020). Under the surface: Covid-19 vaccine narratives, misinformation and data deficits on social media. First Draft. https://firstdraftnews.org:443/long-form-article/under-the-surface-covid-19-vaccine-narratives-misinformation-and-data-deficits-on-social-media/

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). (n.d.). Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://vaers.hhs.gov/

Wardle, C. (2019). Understanding Information Disorder. https://firstdraftnews.org/long-form-article/understanding-information-disorder/

Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe Publishing. https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html

Winters, M., Jalloh, M. F., Sengeh, P., Jalloh, M. B., Zeebari, Z., & Nordenstedt, H. (2020). Risk perception during the 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1539. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09648-8

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Infodemic. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic

Chapter 3.2

Alvarez, S., & Alo, K. (n.d.). Newark Information Needs and Gaps. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://collaborativejournalism.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2020/09/Newark-info-needs.docx.pdf

Carney, N. (2016). All Lives Matter, but so Does Race: Black Lives Matter and the Evolving Role of Social Media. Humanity & Society, 40(2), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597616643868

Center for Countering Digital Hate. (2021). The Disinformation Dozen. Center for Countering Digital Hate | CCDH. https://counterhate.com/research/the-disinformation-dozen/

Freedman, D. (2021, September 13). Peer review of a VAERS dumpster dive. Science-Based Medicine. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/peer-review-of-a-vaers-dumpster-dive/

Frost, M. (2021). Busting COVID-19 vaccination myths. https://acpinternist.org/archives/2021/11/busting-covid-19-vaccination-myths.htm

Hoaxlines. (2021a, May 22). Outbreak Conspiracy Theories from 1980 to Today [Substack newsletter]. Hoaxlines. https://novelscience.substack.com/p/some-things-never-change-outbreak

Jenik, C. (2021, July 31). Infographic: A Minute on the Internet in 2021. Statista Infographics. https://www.statista.com/chart/25443/estimated-amount-of-data-created-on-the-internet-in-one-minute/

JLL. (2022). Workforce Preferences Barometer. https://www.us.jll.com/content/dam/jll-com/documents/pdf/research/global/jll-workforce-preferences-barometer-mar-2022.pdf

Munro, C. (2021). Covid-19: Study that claimed boys are at increased risk of myocarditis after vaccination is deeply flawed, say critics. BMJ, 374, n2251. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2251

Office of the US Surgeon General. (2021). Confronting Health Misinformation. 22.

Schraer, R. (2021, December 1). HIV: The misinformation still circulating in 2021. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/59431598

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). (n.d.). Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://vaers.hhs.gov/

Wardle, C. (2019). Understanding Information Disorder. https://firstdraftnews.org/long-form-article/understanding-information-disorder/

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Infodemic. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/infodemic

Chapter 3.3

Amin, A. B., Bednarczyk, R. A., Ray, C. E., Melchiori, K. J., Graham, J., Huntsinger, J. R., & Omer, S. B. (2017). Association of moral values with vaccine hesitancy. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(12), 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0256-5

Azarpanah, H., Farhadloo, M., Vahidov, R., & Pilote, L. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy: Evidence from an adverse events following immunization database, and the role of cognitive biases. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1686. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11745-1

Barrios, J. M., & Hochberg, Y. (2020). Risk Perception Through the Lens of Politics in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic (Working Paper No. 27008). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27008

Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z

Bolsen, T., Druckman, J. N., & Cook, F. L. (2014). The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion. Political Behavior, 36(2), 235–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9238-0

Brewer, N. T. (2021). What Works to Increase Vaccination Uptake. Academic Pediatrics, 21(4S), S9–S16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2021.01.017

Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., McCaul, K. D., & Weinstein, N. D. (2007). Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: The example of vaccination. Health Psychology, 26(2), 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136

Chan, E. Y. (2021). Moral foundations underlying behavioral compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110463

Chou, W.-Y. S., & Budenz, A. (2020). Considering Emotion in COVID-19 Vaccine Communication: Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy and Fostering Vaccine Confidence. Health Communication, 35(14), 1718–1722. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838096

Coifman, K. G., Disabato, D. J., Aurora, P., Seah, T. H. S., Mitchell, B., Simonovic, N., Foust, J. L., Sidney, P. G., Thompson, C. A., & Taber, J. M. (2021). What Drives Preventive Health Behavior During a Global Pandemic? Emotion and Worry. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 55(8), 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab048

Davis, R., Campbell, R., Hildon, Z., Hobbs, L., & Michie, S. (2015). Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: A scoping review. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 323–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.941722

De Witte, M. (2022, April 4). Using Trump’s vaccine endorsement to move the needle on COVID-19 vaccines. Stanford News. https://news.stanford.edu/2022/04/04/using-trumps-vaccine-endorsement-move-needle-covid-19-vaccines/

Diaz, P., Zizzo, J., Balaji, N. C., Reddy, R., Khodamoradi, K., Ory, J., & Ramasamy, R. (2022). Fear about adverse effect on fertility is a major cause of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States. Andrologia, 54(4), e14361. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.14361

Dolinski, D., Dolinska, B., Zmaczynska-Witek, B., Banach, M., & Kulesza, W. (2020). Unrealistic Optimism in the Time of Coronavirus Pandemic: May It Help to Kill, If So—Whom: Disease or the Person? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(5), 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051464

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Glanz, K., & Bishop, D. B. (2010). The Role of Behavioral Science Theory in Development and Implementation of Public Health Interventions. Annual Review of Public Health, 31(1), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604

Hoorens, V., Scambler, S., Deschrijver, E., Coulson, N. S., Speed, E., & Asimakopoulou, K. (2022). Comparative Optimism, Self-Superiority, Egocentric Impact Perception and Health Information Seeking: A COVID-19 Study. Psychologica Belgica, 62(1), 152–165. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.1139

Hornsey, M. J., & Fielding, K. S. (2017). Attitude roots and Jiu Jitsu persuasion: Understanding and overcoming the motivated rejection of science. American Psychologist, 72(5), 459–473. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040437

Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., & Fielding, K. S. (2018). The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: A 24-nation investigation. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 37(4), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000586

Ji, Y. (2021). Exposure to “Vaccination Selfies” Relate to Readers’ Vaccination Intention: The Moderating Role of Partisan Media Use and the Mediating Role of Affective Responses. Journal of Health Communication, 26(12), 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2021.2025174

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Lapsley, D. K., & Hill, P. L. (2010). Subjective invulnerability, optimism bias and adjustment in emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(8), 847–857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9409-9

Meppelink, C. S., Smit, E. G., Fransen, M. L., & Diviani, N. (2019). “I was Right about Vaccination”: Confirmation Bias and Health Literacy in Online Health Information Seeking. Journal of Health Communication, 24(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1583701

Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science, 6(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42

Michie, Susan. (2014). ABC of behaviour change theories. Silverback Pub.

Parimi, K., Gilkeson, K., & Creamer, B. A. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Considerations for reluctance and improving vaccine uptake. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 18(5), 2062972. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2022.2062972

Peng, Y. (2022a). Give me liberty or give me COVID-19: How social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and libertarianism explain Americans’ reactions to COVID-19. Risk Analysis, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13885

Peng, Y. (2022b). Give me liberty or give me COVID-19: How social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and libertarianism explain Americans’ reactions to COVID-19. Risk Analysis, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13885

Pink, S. L., Chu, J., Druckman, J. N., Rand, D. G., & Willer, R. (2021). Elite party cues increase vaccination intentions among Republicans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(32), e2106559118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106559118

Shapiro, J. R., Privor-Dumm, L., Rosser, E. N., Leng, S. X., Klein, S., & Morgan, R. (2022). The Intersection of Gender and Race in Older Adults’ Decision to Receive COVID-19 Vaccines. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4085528

Simis, M. J., Madden, H., Cacciatore, M. A., & Yeo, S. K. (2016). The lure of rationality: Why does the deficit model persist in science communication? Public Understanding of Science, 25(4), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662516629749

The Decision Lab. (n.d.-a). List of Cognitive Biases and Heuristics. The Decision Lab. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://thedecisionlab.com/biases

The Decision Lab. (n.d.-b). Why do we rely on our current emotions when making quick decisions? Affect Heuristic, explained. The Decision Lab. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/affect-heuristic

The Decision Lab. (n.d.-c). Why do we take mental shortcuts? Heuristics, explained. The Decision Lab. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/heuristics

The Decision Lab. (n.d.-d). Why do we treat our in-group better than we do our out-group? In-group Bias, explained. The Decision Lab. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/in-group-bias

The Decision Lab. (n.d.-e). Why don’t we pull the trolley lever? The Omission Bias, explained. The Decision Lab. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/omission-bias

The World Health Organization. (2019). Data for action: Achieving high uptake of COVID-19 vaccines. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-2019-nCoV-vaccination-demand-planning-2021.1

Willis, D. E., Andersen, J. A., Bryant-Moore, K., Selig, J. P., Long, C. R., Felix, H. C., Curran, G. M., & McElfish, P. A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Race/ethnicity, trust, and fear. Clinical and Translational Science, 14(6), 2200–2207. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13077

Yong, E. (2022, April 13). The Final Pandemic Betrayal. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2022/04/us-1-million-covid-death-rate-grief/629537/

Chapter 4

Blest, P. (2021, August 17). How to Actually Get a Trump Voter Vaccinated. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/akg8v8/how-to-convince-trump-voter-republican-to-get-vaccinated

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence: Rapid Community Assessment Tool—Social Listening and Monitoring Tools. 9.

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Chu, J., Pink, S. L., & Willer, R. (2021). Religious identity cues increase vaccination intentions and trust in medical experts among American Christians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(49), e2106481118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106481118

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Rhea Boyd MD, MPH [@RheaBoydMD]. (2021, July 17). That “work” is MUCH more high touch than spouting condescension online. “The unvaccinated” are not a monolith of defectors. They are people our health care system has long underserved—Black folks, rural folks, un and un/under insured folks and young folks. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/RheaBoydMD/status/1416398681163530242

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